However, we are at the beginning to appreciate the involvement of complex crosstalks between a plant and its endophytic microbiome and among the endophytic microbes associated with the plant. An endophyte, besides dealing with the host has to deal with the existing endospheric microbiota to make its colonization successful. The competency of the endophytes to penetrate, colonize, and flourish inside the plant premises by exhibiting complex multivariate interactions with the host, makes them unique. Endophytism represents the phenomenon in which a microbe resides asymptomatically within the plant tissues. The present review is focused on canvassing different aspects concerned with the multidimensional interaction of endophytes with plants along with their application.Īlthough heeding and leading in the application perspective, we are lagging to address the variegated cross-talks involved in plant-endophyte interactions, the basis for the pertinence of endophytes. It would be gripping to inspect how endophytes influence host gene expression and can be utilized to climb the ladder of “Sustainable agriculture.” Advancements in various molecular techniques have provided an impetus to elucidate the complexity of endophytic microbiome. The current focus has shifted on the complexity of relationships between host plants and their endophytic counterparts. The common assumption that these endophytes interact with plants in a similar manner as the rhizospheric bacteria is a deterring factor to go deeper into their study, and more focus was on symbiotic associations and plant–pathogen reactions. The ability of endophytes to penetrate the plant tissues, reside and interact with the host in multiple ways makes them unique. Endophytes use phytohormone production to promote plant health along with other added benefits such as nutrient acquisition, nitrogen fixation, and survival under abiotic and biotic stress conditions. Plant growth and development are positively regulated by the endophytic microbiome via both direct and indirect perspectives. Our results not only provide important insights into endophyte-plant interactions but also provide strain and genome resources, paving the way for the agricultural application of Aspergillus endophytes. Specifically, inoculation with endophytes significantly increased Pi contents in roots at the early stage, while the Pi contents in inoculated shoots were significantly increased at the late stage. In addition, these endophytes were able to improve Pi (phosphorus) accumulation and transport in rice by inducing the expression of Pi transport genes in rice. The endophytic genomes had more genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) and small secreted proteins (SSPs) and secondary metabolism gene clusters involved in indole metabolism than the pathogens. The genomes of AS31, AS33, and AS42 were 36.8, 34.8, and 35.3 Mb, respectively. The genomes of strains AS31, AS33, and AS42 were sequenced and compared with other Aspergillus species covering both pathogens and endophytes. They could successfully colonize rice roots and significantly improved rice growth. Here, three endophytes belonging to Aspergillus, AS31, AS33, and AS42, were isolated. Although endophytes beneficial to plants have high potential for plant growth promotion and improving stress tolerance, studies on endophytic lifestyles and endophyte-plant interactions are still limited. Aspergillus includes both plant pathogenic and beneficial fungi.
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